Mycelial Growth with Nutrient Supplementation in Pure Culture and Yield, N-Analysis and Income Potential of Paddy Straw Mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) With Different Substrates
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55677/ijlsar/V04I03Y2025-07Keywords:
V. volvacea, locally available substrates, nutrient sources, mycelial growth, supplementation.Abstract
The insufficient planting materials and lack of technical know-how of V. volvacea cultivation is the one of the major problem on technology transfer for mushroom production. This research study was conducted to validate and evaluate the performance of Volvariella volvacea with different nutrient sources and substrates. This study was composed of two-parts, mycelial growth performance with different growing media (Study 1) and yield, N-analysis and income potential (Study 2). Study 1 was a single-factor experiment conducted in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) and Study 2 used 3x5 factorial experiment also in RCBD. Test for significant differences among treatment means was done analysis of variance (ANOVA) and pairwise comparison was done with Least Significant Difference test (LSD). Analysis was facilitated by the use of statistical software. Sweet potato has the higher potential as growing media for pure culture of V. volvacea fungal inoculation. Some characteristics such as pinhead size, stipe length and biological efficiency were affected by nutrient supplement and kind of substrate. However, the most important variable which is yield was affected by substrate only. Regardless of the nutrient sources V. volvacea will grow under different substrates such as banana leaves, corn bagasse, water hyacinth and rice straw except wood shavings. Total nitrogen content converted into protein (%) was undertaken to determine its component for various purposes. Biological efficiency of substrates was higher with banana leaves, rice straw and water hyacinth is significantly different as it is supplemented with inorganic fertilizer (urea) or no nutrient added. Mushroom production under different substrates supplemented with inorganic fertilizer can give promising income. Further research and exploration on the commodity may be conducted to ensure higher efficiency in production that can be used for community acceptability, thus, contribute to increasing the supply of mushroom. As a viable enterprise, mushroom production can be engaged by farmers and households for socioeconomic upliftment.
References
1. Aboud A A O, Kidunda R S and Osarya J 2005: Potential of water hyacinth (Eicchornia crassipes) in ruminant nutrition in Tanzania. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Vol. 17, Art. #96. Retrieved March 24, 2021, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd17/8/abou17096.htm
2. Ahlawat OP, Indurani C. 2003. Spent mushroom substrtate - use, further recycling and disposal. In: Rai RD, Upadhyay RC, Sharma SR, editors. Emerging Areas of Mushroom Research and Production. Solan, HP: Summer School Lectures, ICAR-NRCM; p. 256-74.
3. Ahlawat, O.P. and Satish, K. 2005. Traditional and modern cultivation technologies for the paddy straw mushroom (Volvariella spp.). Frontiers in Mushroom Biotechnology (Rai, R.D., Upadhyay, R.C. and Sharma, S.R., (Eds.), 157-164 pp.
4. Ahlawat, O.P. and Tewari, R.P. 2007. Cultivation technology of paddy straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) National Research Centre for Mushroom (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) Chambaghat, Solan (HP), Technical Bulletin, 1-44 p.
5. Ahlawat, O.P., Ahlawat, K. and Dhar, B.L. 2005. Influence of lignocellulolytic enzymes on substrate colonization and yield in monosporous isolates and parent strains of Volvariella volvacea (Bull. Fr.) Sing. Indian Journal of Microbiology, 45(3): 205-210.
6. Aryal JP, Sapkota TB, Krupnik TJ, Rahut DB, Jat ML, Stirling CM. 2021. Factors affecting farmers' use of organic and inorganic fertilizers in South Asia. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021 Oct;28(37):51480-51496. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-13975-7.PMID: 33982263; PMCID: PMC8458167.
7. Bao, D., Gong, M., Zheng, H., Chen, M., Zhang, L., Wang, H., ... Jiang, J., Wu, L., Zhu, Y., Zhu, G., Zhou, Y., Li, C., Wang, S., Zhao, Y., Zhao, G. and Tan, Q. 2013. Sequencing and comparative analysis of the straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) genome. PloSOne, 8(3): e58294.
8. Bao, D.P., Zhao, G.P. and Tan, Q. 2010. Draft Sequence of the Volvariella volvacea Genome. Acta Eduis Fungi, 17(1): 3-5.
9. Balita, RB. (2020). Physico-chemical analysis of vermicompost with nitrogen-riched substrates. Undergraduate thesis. LSPU Siniloan Campus. Laguna Philippines
10. Barney, J. B. (2002). Gaining and sustaining Competitive Advantage. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
11. Biswas, MK & Layak Mrinmoy. 2014. Techniques for increasing the biological efficiency of paddy straw mushroom in eastern india. Food Science and Technology 2(4):52-57, DOI: 10.13189/fst.2014.020402
12. Cassim, M. (2005). Small Business Economics. Retrieved October 30, 2014, from http://www.jstar.org
13. Chaisaena, W. & Mopoung, R. & Sanawong, P. & Ditkrachan, S.. (2012). Suitability of water hyacinth, rice straw and sunflower residues for the production of the edible mushrooms coprinopsis cinerea and volvariella volvacea in Thailand. Chiang Mai University Journal of Natural Sciences. 11. 395-402.
14. Chang, S. T.; Chang, Shu-ting; Quimio, T. H. (9 January 1982). Tropical Mushrooms: Biological Nature and Cultivation Methods. Chinese University Press. ISBN 9789622012646 – via Google Books.
15. Chang, S.T. (2008). Overview of mushroom cultivation and utilization as functional foods. Mushrooms as functional foods. Cheung P.C.K. (ed.). J. Wiley & Sons Inc.
16. Chang, H., Jeon, S., Cosadio, A., Icalina, C., Panganiban, R., Quirino, R., & Song, Y. (2014, March). Status and Prospect of Mushroom Industry in the Philippines. JPAIR Multidisciplinary Research, 16(1), 1-16. Retrieved from https://ejournals.ph/article.php? id=12367#:~:text=The%20mushroom%20industry%20in%20the,%2C%20Malaysia%2C%20Korea%20and%20Japan
17. Chen, A. (2003). A practical Guide to the Cultivation of Agaricus blazei, a Mushroom of Culinary and Biomedical Importance. MushWorld website, http//www.mushworld.com.
18. Colauto, N.B., Aizono, P.M., Carvalho, L.R.M., Paccola-Meirelles, L.D., Linde, G.A. (2008). Temperature and pH conditions for mycelial growth of Agaricus brasiliensis on axenic cultivation. Semina, Londrina, 29(2), 307-312.
19. Conrad, Klaus, 1997. "A Theory of Production with Waste and Recycling," Discussion Papers 550, Institut fuer Volkswirtschaftslehre und Statistik, Abteilung fuer Volkswirtschaftslehre.
20. Dulay RMR, Cabrera EC, Kalaw SP, Reyes RG, Hou CT (2020) Nutritional require‑ments for mycelial growth of three Lentinus species from Philippines.Biocatal Agric Biotechnol 23:101506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101506
21. Ellersten, L.K. (2005). Effect of a Medicinal Extract from Agaricus blazei Murrill on Gene Expression in Human Monocytes. Poster 1454, World Allergy Congress, Münich, Germany, June 26-30.
22. Fan, L., Soccol, C.R. and Pandey, A. 2008. Mushroom Production. In: Current Developments in Solid-state Fermentation. Asiarech Publishers, New Delhi, 253-274 p.
23. Falconer. (1981). Mushrooms; How to grow them, a practical Treatise on mushroom culture for profit and pleasure. Retrieved October 24, 2020, from www.amazon.com
24. Fermont, A., Asten., M., & Giller, K. (2008). Increasing land pressure in East Africa: The changing role of cassava and consequences of sustainability of farming systems. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ, 128:239-250.
25. Fortune Business Insights. (2019, October). Mushroom Market Size, Share, Growth - IndustryAnalysis 2026. Retrieved from: https://www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/industry-reports/mushroom-market-100197
26. Gaglio, C., & Katz, J. (2001). Psychological basis of opportunity identification: entrepreneurial alertness. Small Business Economics, 16, pp 95-111.
27. Gifford S. (2003) Risk and Uncertainty. In: Acs Z.J., Audretsch D.B. (eds) Handbook of Entrepreneurship Research. International Handbook Series on Entrepreneurship, vol 1. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-24519-7_3
28. Haq, imran ul & Khan, Muhammad & Khan, Sajid & Ahmad, Maqshoof. (2011). Biochemical analysis of fruiting bodies of Volvariellavolvacea strain Vvpk, grown on six different substrates. Soil & Environment. 30. 146-150.
29. Huang, N.L. (1997). Brazilian mushroom (Gee Song Rong) in Huang (ed.) Cultivation of eighteen rare and precious gourmet mushrooms. Chinese Agricultural Press, Beijng, China, 95-101.
30. Hyunjong, K., & Byung, K. (2004). Mushroom Growers‟ Handbook. Retrieved March 24, 2021, from https://www.scribd.com/doc/97323446/Mushroom-Growers-Handbook-1-Oyster-Mushroom-Cultivation
31. Hyunjong, K., & Byung, K. (2002). Mushroom Growers‟ Handbook. Retrieved May 10,2021, from http:// www.mushworld.com
32. Iwade, I., Mizuno, T. (1997). Cultivation of Kawariharatake (Agaricus blazei Murill). Food Rev. Int., 13(3), 338-390.
33. Jacob JKS, Kalaw SPK, Reyes RG (2015) Mycelial growth performance of three species of Pleurotus on coconut water gelatin. Curr Res Environ Appl Mycol 5(3):263–268. https://doi.org/10.5943/cream/5/3/910.5943/cream/5/3/9
34. Kadam, A., & Deshmukh, R. (2021, March). Mushroom Market Size, Share & Demand | IndustryReport 2021-2027. Retrieved from https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/mushroom-market?fbclid=IwAR2RyvO3Yy_G3WKkEVKEicpQSu4KehQzEfZiyr5xo7X9BjIpG0Abwr4A4jM
35. Kalaw, S,P., D.O. Alfonso, A.M. De Leon, J.Q. Undan, J.R. Undan, R.G. Reyes. (2016). Optimization of culture conditions for secondary mycelial growth of wild macrofungi from selected areas in Central Luzon, Philippines, Current Research in Environmental & Applied Mycology, 2225-2229, pp. 277-287
36. Kamaliah, Nurul & Salim, Sabiha & Abdullah, Sumaiyah & Nobilly, Frisco & Mat, Sapari & Norhisham, Ahmad & Tohiran, Kamil & Zulkifli, Raja & Lechner, Alex & Azhar, Badrul. (2022). Evaluating the experimental cultivation of edible mushroom, Volvariella volvacea underneath tree canopy in tropical agroforestry systems. Agroforestry Systems. 96. 10.1007/s10457-021-00685-9.
37. Kivaisi, A. K. (2007). Mushroom Cultivation in Tanzania. Tanzania: University of Dar es Salaam.
38. Krishnamoorthy AS, Thiribhuvanamala G, Shanthi K, Marimuthu T. Outdoor cultivation of paddy straw mushroom as inter-crop in maize field. Mushroom Res 2005;14(1):9-12.
39. Magday, Joel. Bungihan, Melfei & Rmr, Dulay. (2014). Optimization of mycelial growth and cultivation of fruiting body of Philippine wild strain of Ganoderma lucidum.
40. Mantovani, T.R.D., Linde, G.A., Colauto, N.B. (2007). Effect of addition of nitrogen sources to cassava fiber and carbon-to-nitrogen ratios on Agaricus brasiliensis growth. Can. J. Microbiol. 53, 139-143.
41. Marroquin C., Lavine, J. & Winstram, S. (2017). Effect of humidity on development of Pseudogymnoasans destructans the causal agent of bat white-nose syndrom. Noreastern Naturalist. Vol.24, No. 1, pp 54-64
42. Martínez-Carrera, D & Aguilar, A & Martínez, W & Bonilla, M & Morales, Porf & Sobal, M. (2000). MUSHROOM CULTIVATION ON COFFEE PULP Commercial production and marketing of edible mushrooms cultivated on coffee pulp in Mexico. 10.1007/978-94-017-1068-8_45.
43. Medenilla, Vina (2020). Mushroom farming can provide you a sustainable income. Manila Bulletin. Published September 3, 2020, 10:30AM. Retrieve from https://mb.com.ph/2020/09/03/mushroom-farming-can-provide-you-a-sustainable-income/ February 7, 2021.
44. Mendonca, M., Kasuya, M.C., Cadorin, A., Vieira, A.J.(2005). Agaricus blazei cultivation for a living in Brazil, Mushroom grower’s handbook 2, Shiitake cultivation, Seul Korea, MushWorld, 247-257.
45. Neves, M.A., Kasuya, M.C.M., Araujo, E., Leite, C.L., Camelini, C.M., Ribas, L.C.C., Mendonca, M.M. (2005). Physiological and genetic variability of commercial isolates of culinary-medicinal mushroom Agaricus
46. Nootjaree, T. (2016). Isolation and Mycelial Growth of Mushrooms on Different Yam-based Culture Media. Journal of Applied Biology and Biotechnology. 033-036. 10.7324/JABB.2016.40505.
47. Oei, P. (2003). Manual on Mushroom Cultivation, techniques, species and opportunities for commercial application in developing countries.Amsterdam: Toolpublications.
48. Onuoha, C.I. 2007. Cultivation of the mushroom (Pleurotus tuber regium) using some local substrates. Life Science Journal, 4(4): 58-61.
49. Park, J.S. (2001). Characteristics and Cultivation Technology of Agaricus blazei. MushWorld website, http//www.mushworld.com
50. PhilRice. (2018). Rice-based Mushroom Production Manual. Philippine Rice Research Institute
51. Prades, Alexia & Dornier, Manuel & Diop, Nafissatou & Pain, Jean-Pierre. (2012). Coconut water uses, composition and properties: A review. Fruits. 67. 87 - 107. 10.1051/fruits/2012002.
52. Prando,M.A. Sandoval, P. Chiavazza, A. Faggio, C. Contessa,(2014) Effect of coconut water and growth regulator supplements on in vitro propagation of Corylus avellana L, Scientia Horticulturae,Volume 171,,Pages 91-94,ISSN 0304-4238,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2014.03.052.
53. Pollock, S. H. (1977).Magic Mushroom Cultivation, Herbal Medicine Research Foundation. Retrieved October 24, 2021, from www.erowid.org/plants/mushrooms
54. Poppe, J. (2000). Use of agricultural waste materials in the cultivation of mushroom. Science and cultivation of edible fungi,pp 3-33.
55. Pongrácz, E. , Phillips, P & Keiski, R. (2004). Evolving the Theory of Waste Management: defining key concepts. WIT Press, www.witpress.com, ISBN 1-85312-738-8
56. Quimio TH (2002). Updates of spawn production of Volvariella volvacea, the tropical straw mushroom. In: Sánchez JE, Huerita G, Montiel E. (eds). Mushroom Biology and Mushroom Products. Proc 4th Intern. Conf. UAEM, Cuernavaca. pp. 337-343.
57. Rout, M.K., K.B. Mohapatra, P. Mohanty and S.S. Chadan. (2015). Studies on effect of incubation temperature and light intensity on mycelial growth of oyster species, Journal Crop and Weed, pp. 44-46
58. Royse DJ. (2014) A Global Perspective on the High Five: Agaricus, Pleurotus, Lentinula, Auricularia and Flammulina. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Mushroom Biology and Mushroom Products; . p. 1-6.
59. Sangthong S, Pintathong P, Pongsua P, Jirarat A, Chaiwut P. 2022. Polysaccharides from Volvariella volvacea Mushroom: Extraction, Biological Activities and Cosmetic Efficacy. J Fungi (Basel). 26;8(6):572. DOI: 10.3390/jof8060572. PMID: 35736055; PMCID: PMC9225106.
60. Shane, S. (2003). A General Theory of Entrepreneurship. Individual-opportunity Nexus. Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc.
61. Shane, S. V., & Venkataraman, S. (2000). The Promise of Entrepreneurship as a Field of Research. Academy of management Review, 25(1) pp 217-226.
62. Shane, S., & Eckhardt, J. (2003). The individual opportunity. Nexus,Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
63. Stamets, P. (2000). Growing Gourmet and Medicinal Mushrooms. Third edition, ten Speed Press Berkeley, CA.
64. Tedesse, F. (2012). Mushroom Production and Processing Technology. Retrieved March 24, 2021, from https://www.academia.edu/11324578/Mushroom_Production_and_Processing_Teaching_Note
65. Thuc, L.V. et al. (2020). Rice-Straw Mushroom Production. In: Gummert, M., Hung, N., Chivenge, P., Douthwaite, B. (eds) Sustainable Rice Straw Management. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32373-8_6
66. Thiribhuvanamala G, Krishnamoorthy S, Manoranjitham K, Praksasm V, Krishnan S (2012) Improved techniques to enhance the yield of paddy straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) for commercial cultivation. Afr J Biotechnol 11(64):12740–12748. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB11.4066
67. Triola, M. F. (2003). Elementary Statistics (9th Ed.). Boston: Addison Wesley.
68. Triyono, S., Haryanto, A., Telaumbanua, M. et al. Cultivation of straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) on oil palm empty fruit bunch growth medium. Int J Recycl Org Waste Agricult 8, 381–392 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40093-019-0259-5
69. Ubogu, Monday. (2018). Growth assessment of three common soil (Trichoderma viride, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium sp.) on formulated culture medium. 13. 71-80.
70. Wollenberg E, Richards M, Smith P, Havlík P, Obersteiner M, Tubiello FN, Herold M, Gerber P, Carter S, Reisinger A, van Vuuren D, Dickie A, Neufeldt H, Sander BO, Wassmann R, Sommer R, Amonette JE, Falcucci A, Herrero M, Opio C, Roman-Cuesta R, Stehfest E, Westhoek H, Ortiz-Monasterio I, Sapkota T, Rufino MC, Thornton PK, Verchot L, West PC, Soussana J-F, Baedeker T, Sadler M, Vermeulen S, Campbell BM (2016) Reducing emissions from agriculture to meet the 2 °C target. Glob Chang Biol:1–6. 10.1111/gcb.13340
71. Wongjiratthiti, Aroon & Yottakot, S.. (2017). Utilisation of local crops as alternative media for fungal growth. Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science. 40. 295-304.
72. Zandrazil, F., & Kurtzman, R. H. (1982). The biology of Pleurotus Cultivation in the Tropics. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press.
73. Zurbano, L. Bellere, A.D.,and Savilla ,L. (2017). Mycelial Growth, Fruiting Body Production and Proximate Composition of Pleurotus djamor on Different Substrate, Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 2, ISSN 2507 -9638, pp. 21-28.
74. ___________. (2001). RA 9003 Ecological solid waste management of 2000. Accessed on Official Gazzette of the Philippines on June 29, 2023. https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2001/01/26/republic-act-no-9003-s-2001/
75. ____________. (2021). Department of Agriculture Annual report of 2020
76. ____________. (2022). Department of Agriculture Annual report of 2021
77. ____________. (2022). DOST Harmonized research and development agenda 2022-2028. Retrieved from https://pcieerd.dost.gov.ph/images/pm-toolkit/general-references/Approved_Harmonized_National_RD_Agenda__2017-2022.pdf. Accessed on May 2023
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Life Science and Agriculture Research
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
