Effect of Replacing Barley Grain by Urea in the Diet of Iraqi Lambs
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55677/ijlsar/V03I10Y2024-04Keywords:
urea, dry matter, barley grainAbstract
This study conducted to seeks the effects of partially changing barley grain (BG) with different levels amount of urea on growth performance, rumen fermentation, nutrient digestion and blood parameters in fattening lambs. Twelve Awassi male lambs were divided according to body weight (BW) into three equal groups (4 lambs per each group) and housed in individual pens and assigned to one of three dietary treatments in a randomized block design: barley grain (BG)were given to animals according to the body weight of lambs (3 % of BW) and (BG) reduced and replace with 0, 10, 20, gm urea.
Compared with the control the lambs fed the reduced GB diet plus urea was higher (p < 0.01) concentrations of ruminal ammonia and increased with increasing the urea supplementation. As well as increased the crude protein (CP) intake , blood urea nitrogen (BUN), final BW, dry matter intake (DMI) and average daily gain (ADG) were observed with the increasing urea addition to the diet, results showed that 10 gm of urea could substitute of 10 gm BG per kg feed DM without any negative effect on health performance of fattening lambs when fed urea.
References
Abd El-Galil, E.R. and E.I.M. Abou-Elenin, (2011). Role of bacterial treatments for upgrading nutritive value of bean straw and native goats performance. J. Am. Sci., 7: 502-510.
Abdoun, K.; Stumpff, F.; Martens, H. Ammonia and urea transport across the rumen epithelium: A review. Anim. Health Res. Rev. 2006, 7, 43–59.
Abdoun, K.; Stumpff, F.; Martens, H. Ammonia and urea transport across the rumen epithelium: A review. Anim. Health Res. Rev. 2006, 7, 43–59.
Almora, E.A.; Huntington, G.; Burns, J. Effects of supplemental urea sources and feeding frequency on ruminal fermentation, fiber digestion, and nitrogen balance in beef steers. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2012, 171, 136–145.
Benedeti, P.D.B.; Paulino, P.V.R.; Marcondes, M.I.; Filho, S.C.V.; Martins, T.S.; Lisboa, E.F.; Silva, L.H.P.; Teixeira, C.R.V.; Duarte, M.S. Soybean meal replaced by slow release urea in finishing diets for beef cattle. Livest. Sci. 2014, 165, 51–60.
Broderick, G.A. Relative value of solvent and expeller soybean meal for lactating dairy cows1. J. Dairy Sci. 1986, 69, 2948–2958.
Burque AR, Abdullah M, Babar ME, Javed K, Nawaz H. Effect of urea feeding on feed intake and performance of male buffalo calves. J Anim Sci 2008;43:184-92.
Currier, T.; Bohnert, D.; Falck, S.; Bartle, S. Daily and alternate day supplementation of urea or biuret to ruminants consuming low-quality forage: I. Effects on cow performance and the efficiency of nitrogen use in wethers. J. Anim. Sci. 2004, 82, 1508–1517.
Elkholy, M.El.H., El. I. Hassanein, Nagah Edrees, Wafaa Eleraky,M.F.A. Elgamel1 and Dohaa Ibraheim. 2009. Nutritional aspects of recycling plants by-products and crop residues (corn stalk) in Sheep. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 8 (12):1834-1841
Elkholy, M.El.H., El. I. Hassanein, Nagah Edrees, Wafaa Eleraky,M.F.A. Elgamel1 and Dohaa Ibraheim. 2009. Nutritional aspects of recycling plants by-products and crop residues (corn stalk) in Sheep. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 8 (12):1834-1841
Emmanuel N, Patil NV, Bhagwat SR, Lateef A, Xu K, Liu H. Effects of different levels of urea supplementation on nutrient intake and growth performance in growing camels fed roughage based complete pellet diets. Anim Nutr. 2015 Dec;1(4):356-361
Gunun P, Wanapat M, Anantasook N. Effects of physical form and urea treatment of rice straw on rumen fermentation, microbial protein synthesis and nutrient digestibility in dairy steers. Asian-Aust J Anim Sci 2013;26(12):1689-97.
Hani M. El-Zaiat, Ahmed E. Kholif , Ibrahim M. Khattab , Sobhy M.A. Sallam. Slow-release urea partially replacing soybean in the diet of Holstein dairy cows: intake, blood parameters, nutrients digestibility, energy utilization, and milk production.2022. Ann. Anim. Sci., Vol. 22, No. 2 (2022) 723–730.
Hume, I.D.; Moir, R.J.; Somers, M. Synthesis of microbial protein in the rumen. I. Influence of the level of nitrogen intake. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 1970, 21, 283–296.
Kaneko J. J. 1980. Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals. 3 rd Ed, New york, Academic press.
Kertz, A.F. Review: Urea feeding to dairy cattle: A historical perspective and review. Prof. Anim. Sci. 2010, 26, 257–272.
Koster HH, Woods BC, Cochran RC, Vanzant ES, Titgemeyer EC, Grieger DM. Effect of increasing proportion of supplemental N from urea in prepartum supplements on range beef cow performance and on forage intake and digestibility by steers fed low-quality forage. J Anim Sci 2002;80:1652e62.
Lazzarini I, Detmann E, Sampaio CB, Paulino MF, Valadares Filho SDC, Souza MAD, et al. Intake and digestibility in cattle fed low-quality tropical forage and supplemented with nitrogenous compound. R Bras Zootec 2009;38(10): 2021-30.
Lewis, D. Ammonia toxicity in the ruminant. J. Agric. Sci. 1960, 55, 111–117.
Liu, J.H.; Xu, T.T.; Liu, Y.J.; Zhu, W.Y.; Mao, S.Y. A high-grain diet causes massive disruption of ruminal epithelial tight junctions in goats. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2013, 305, R232–R241
Mathis CP, Cochran RC, Heldt JS, Woods BC, Abdelgadir IE, Olson KC, et al. Effects of supplemental degradable intake protein on utilization of medium- to lowquality forages. J Anim Sci 2000;
Ortiz-Rubio MA, Ørskov ER, Milne J. Effect of different sources of nitrogen on situ degradability and feed intake of zebu cattle fed sugarcane tops (Saccharum officinarum). Animal Feed Sci Technol 2007;139:143e58.
Patra, A.K.; Aschenbach, J.R. Ureases in the gastrointestinal tracts of ruminant and monogastric animals and their implication in urea-N/ammonia metabolism. J. Adv. Res. 2018, 13, 39–50.
Reid, J. Urea as a protein replacement for ruminants: A review. J. Dairy Sci. 1953, 36, 955–996.
Sansoucy R, Aarts G and Preston T R .1988. Molasses-urea blocks as multinutrient supplement for ruminants. Proceedings of an FAO Experts Consulation, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, 7-11 July 1986
Siddons, R.; Nolan, J.; Beever, D.; MacRae, J. Nitrogen digestion and metabolism in sheep consuming diets containing contrasting forms and levels of N. Br. J. Nutr. 1985, 54, 175–187.
Siddons, R.; Nolan, J.; Beever, D.; MacRae, J. Nitrogen digestion and metabolism in sheep consuming diets containing contrasting forms and levels of N. Br. J. Nutr. 1985, 54, 175–187.
Siddons, R.; Nolan, J.; Beever, D.; MacRae, J. Nitrogen digestion and metabolism in sheep consuming diets containing contrasting forms and levels of N. Br. J. Nutr. 1985, 54, 175–187.
Sweeny, J.P.A.; Surridge, V.; Humphry, P.S.; Pugh, H.; Mamo, K. Benefits of different urea supplementation methods on the production performances of Merino sheep. Vet. J. 2014, 200, 398–403
Tan BE, Yin YL, Liu ZQ, Tang WJ, Xu HJ, Konga XF, Li XG, Yao K, Gu WT, Smith SB, Wu GY. Dietary L-arginine supplementation differentially regulates expression of fat-metabolic genes in porcine adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. J Nutr Bioc 2011;22:441-5.
Wanapat M, Polyorach S, Boonnop K, Mapato C, Cherdthong A. Effects of treating rice straw with urea or urea and calcium hydroxide upon intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation and milk yield of dairy cows. Livest Sci 2009;125: 238e43.
Wang, B.; Ma, T.; Deng, K.D.; Jiang, C.G.; Diao, Q.Y. Effect of urea supplementation on performance and safety in diets of Dorper crossbred sheep. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 2016, 100, 902–910.
Xu, L.; Wang, Y.; Liu, J.; Zhu, W.; Mao, S. Morphological adaptation of sheep’s rumen epithelium to high-grain diet entails alteration in the expression of genes involved in cell cycle regulation, cell proliferation and apoptosis. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol. 2018, 9, 32
Zhang, R.; Zhu, W.; Jiang, L.; Mao, S. Comparative metabolome analysis of ruminal changes in Holstein dairy cows fed low- or high-concentrate diets. Metabolomics 2017, 13, 74.
Zhang, R.; Zhu, W.; Jiang, L.; Mao, S. Comparative metabolome analysis of ruminal changes in Holstein dairy cows fed low- or high-concentrate diets. Metabolomics 2017, 13, 74.
Zinn RA, Borquez JL, Plascencia A. Influence of levels of supplemental urea on characteristics of digestion and growth performance of feedlot steers fed a fat supplemented high energy finishing diet. Prof Anim Sci 2003;10:5-10.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal of Life Science and Agriculture Research
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
