Clinical and histopathological changes of some vital organs associated with intra-peritoneal experimental infection with Trypanosoma evansi in Guinea pigs
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55677/ijlsar/V04I02Y2025-12Keywords:
Clinicopathological changes, Trypanosoma evansi infection, Guinea pigsAbstract
The study was designed to evaluate clinico-pathological profiles associated with intra-peritoneal experimental infection with Trypanosoma evansi in Guinea pigs. Trypanosoma evansi or Surra is one of the protozoan diseases that inflict huge economic losses in the livestock industry. The causative agent of the disease is Trypanasoma evansi (T. evansi) which affects wide range of domestic and wild animals globally. Twenty guinea pigs (G. pigs) were purchased, screened and acclimatized. The G. pigs were randomly divided into two groups (A and B) of ten each. At day zero baseline data on haematology was established, to be sure that they are all free from any other parasites and some clinical parameters rectal temperature, body weight and clinical signs were observed and recorded. Animals in groups A were intraperitoneally (IP) inoculated with 0.5 ml of blood containing 1.0 × 106 Trypanosoma evansi as quantified using serial dilution, while group B were uninfected control. The observed clinical signs in the infected group were pale mucous membrane, anaemia, dullness, emaciation and loss of body weight. At postmortem, the gross changes observed included splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, congested lungs and enlarged kidneys and liver. Histopathological investigation revealed liver with multi-focal, vascular congestion and vacuolation, inflammatory cells infiltration around the central portal vein and the surrounding sinusoids. Similar changes were also observed in the kidneys, heart, spleen, and lungs of the infected guinea pigs In conclusion the infection had deteriorated the physiological status of the animals with clear cellular damage of some vital organs on the histopathological slides of the infected guinea pigs.
References
1. Abdullahi, A.M., Iliyasu, D., Galadima, H. B., Mbaya, A. W., Ibrahim, U. I. and Wiam, I. (2018). Effects of diminazene diaceturate (Veriben®) on serum and clinico-pathological changes in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Asian Journal of Research in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 2(2):1-14.
2. Abuessailla, A., Ismail, A.A., Agab, H. and Shuaib, Y.A. (2017). Serum biochemical and histopathological changes in rats experimentally infected with Trypanosoma evansi isolated from dromedary camels in Sudan. International Journal of Life-Sciences and Scientific Research, 3(3): 1075-1084
3. Akpan, C., Nwakaego, N. and Cornelius C. (2018). Hematological and clinical studies in West African Dwarf sheep experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei and treated with diminazene aceturate, levamisole, and vitamin A. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 42(1):82-90
4. Alemu, G and Abebe, R. (2023). Prevalence and Risk Factors of Trypanosomosis in Dromedary Camels in the Pastoral Areas of the Guji Zone in Ethiopia. Journal of Parasitology Research, (1), 8611281.
5. Al-saffar, A.H., Hassoon, A. F. and Farag, A.H. (2007). Blood picture and hepatic changes in rabbits experimentally infected with Trypanosoma evansi. Iraqi strain. Medical Journal of Babylon, 4(3-4):358–464
6. Aqeel, M., Mirani, A. H., Khoso, P. A., Sahito, J. K., Bhutto, A. L., Leghari, R. A., ... & Junejo, N. P. (2024). Trypanosomiasis and its Diagnostic Techniques in Camel: a Comprehensive Review. Journal of Bioresource Management, 11(2), 13.
7. Bal, M.S., Singla, L.D., Kumar, H., Vasudev, A., Gupta, K. and Juyal, P.D. (2012). Pathological studies on experimental Trypanosoma evansi infection in Swiss albino mice. Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 36(2): 260-264.
8. Bezie, M., Girma, M., Dagnachew, S., Tadesse, D. and Tadesse, G. (2014). African trypanosomes: Virulence factors, pathogenicity and host responses. Journal of Advances Veterinary Research, 4(11): 732-745
9. Biswas, D., Choudhury, A. and Misra, K. K. (2010). Histopathology of Trypanosoma evansi: Infection in bandicoot rat. Brain and choroid plexus. Zoological Society. Kolakata, 63(1): 27–37.
10. Biswas, D., Choudhury, A. and Misra, K.K. (2001). Histopathology of Trypanosoma evansi infection in bandicoot rat. Journal of Experimental Parasitology, 99(3): 148–159.
11. Cadioli, F.A., Marques, L.C., Machado, R. Z., Alessi, A.C., Aquino, L. P. C. T. and Barnabe, P.A. (2006). Experimental Trypanosoma evansi infection in donkeys: hematological, biochemical and histopathological changes. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science, 58 (5):749-756.
12. Calderaro, A., Piccolo, G., & Chezzi, C. (2024). The laboratory diagnosis of malaria: a focus on the diagnostic assays in non-endemic areas. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(2), 695.
13. Carreton, E. (2022). Epidemiology of Trypanosomiasis in Wildlife—Implications for Humans at the Wildlife Interface in Africa. Zoonotic Diseases: Their Hosts and Vectors.
14. Da silva, A.S., Costa, M. M., Moreira, C.M., Zanette, R.A., Thome, G.R., Otto, M. A., Flores, E.M.M., Lopes, S.T.A. and Monteiro, S.G. (2011). Experimental Infection by Trypanosoma evansi in rabbits: Levels of sodium, potassium, calcium and phosphorus in serum. Acta Scientiae Veterinariae, 39(2): 959
15. Damayanti, R., Grayjdon, R. J. and Ladds, P. W. (1994). The pathology of experimental Trypanosoma evansi infection in the Indonesian buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Journal of Comparative Pathology, 110(3):237–252.
16. Dargantes, A. P., Campbell, R. S. F., Copeman, D.B. and Reid, S.A. (2005). Experimental Trypanosoma evansi infection in the goat II. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 133(4): 267-276.
17. Davila, A. M., Herrera, H. M., Schlebinger, T., Souza, S.S. and Traub Cseko, Y. M. (2003). Using PCR for unraveling the cryptic epizootiology of livestock trypanosomosis in the Pantanal, Brazil. Veterinary Parasitology, 117(1-2):1-13
18. Desquesnes, M., Holzmuller, P., Lai, D.H., Dargantes, A., Lun, Z.R. and Jittaplapong, S. (2013). Trypanosoma evansi and surra: Review and perspectives on origin, history, distribution, taxonomy, morphology, hosts, and pathogenic effects. Biomedical Research International, pp. 194176.
19. Dhanalakshmi, H. (2024). Parasitic Zoonoses and One Health. Principles and Practices of Canine and Feline Clinical Parasitic Diseases, 147-160.
20. Drury, R. A. B. and Wallington, E. A. (1976). Carletons Histological Techniques, (4th ed). Oxford University Press, London, pp. 21-70.
21. Drury, R. A. B., Wallington, E. A., and Camerron, S. R. (1976). Processing of Tissues. Carleton Histological Techniques. (4th ed). Oxford University Press, London. UK. Pp:432.
22. Garba, U. M., Sackey, A. K. B., Lawal, I. A. and Esievo, K. A. N. (2015). Clinical signs of experimental Trypanosoma evansi infection in donkeys: Ameliorative effects of isometamidium chloride and buparvaquone treatments. Journal of Veterinary Advances, 5(4): 891-901.
23. Ghaffar, M. A., ManalEl‑Melegy, Amera, F., Afifi, Bahaa El Deen, W., El-Aswad, Noha El-Kady, Amany, F. I. Atia (2016). The histopathological effects of Trypanosoma evansi on experimentally infected mice. Menoufia Medical Journal, 29(4): 868-873
24. Herbert, W.J., Lumsden, W.H. (1976). Trypanosoma brucei: a rapid “matching”
method for estimating the hosts. Experimental Parasitology, 40(3):427–431.
25. Ismael, A. B., Swelum, A. A, Khalaf, A. F. and Abouheif, M. A. (2014). Clinical, haematological and biochemical alterations associated with an outbreak of theileriosis in dromedaries (Camelus dromedarius) in Saudi Arabia. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 34(2):209-213
26. Jittapalapong, Sathaporn, Pinyopanuwat, N., Inpankaew, T., Sangvaranond, A., Phasuk, C., Chimnoi, W., Kengradomkij, C., Kamyingkird, K., Sarataphan, N., Desquesnes, M. and Arunvipas, P. (2009). Prevalence of Trypanosoma evansi infections causing abortions in dairy cows in central Thailand. Kasetsart Journal of social science, 43(5):53-57.
27. Mbaya, A.W., Kumshe, H. A. and Dilli, H.K. (2014). Serum biochemical changes in dromedaries experimentally infected with Trypanosoma evansi and treated with melarsenoxyde cysteamine hydrochloride. Veterinarski Arhiv, 84(4):377–385
28. Nagle, R.B., Dong, S., Guillot, J. M., Mc Daniel, K. M. and Lindsley, H.B. (1980). Pathology of experimental African trypanosomiasis in rabbits infected with T. rhodesiense. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygien, 29(6):1187– 1195
29. Narnaware, S. D., Ghorui, S. K., Kumar, S. and Patil, N. V (2016). Vertical transmission of Trypanosoma evansi in dromedary camels and studies on fetal pathology, diagnosis and treatment. Acta Parasitology. 61(2):329-336
30. Ngulde, S. I., Tijjani, M. B., Ihopo, J. M. and Yauba A. M. (2013) Antitrypanasomal potency of methanol extract of Cassia arereh delile root back in albino rats. International Journal of Drug Research and Technology, 3(1):1-7.
31. Office International des Epizooties Terrestrial Manual, [OIE] (2012). Trypanosoma evansi infection (Surra) Chapter 2.1.17. In: Manual of Diagnostic Tests and vaccine for Terrestrial Animals. Paris, France: OIE, pp.314-328
32. Office of International des Epizootic (OIE) (2004). Manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals. (5th ed.). Chapter 2.3.11.
33. Office of International Epizootics (OIE) (2010). Terrestrial Manual Chapter 2.1.17.
34. Ohunakin, O. S., Adaramola, M. S., Oyewola, O. M., Fagbenle, R. L. and Abam, F. I. (2014). A typical meteorological year generation based on NASA satellite imagery (GEOS‐I) for Sokoto, Nigeria. International Journal of Photoenergy, 46: 85-92.
35. Padmaja, K. (2012). Haemato-biochemical studies of camels infested with trypanosomosis. Veterinary World, 5(6):356‒358
36. Reid, S.A. (2002). Trypanosoma evansi control and containment in Australia. Trends in Parasitology, 18(5):219- 224.
37. Sarkhel, S. P., Gupta, S. K., Kaushik, J., Singh, J., Saini, V.K., Kumar, S. and Kumar, R. (2017). Intra and inter species genetic variability of transferrin receptor gene regions in Trypanosoma evansi isolates of different livestock and geographical regions of India. Acta Parasitology, 62(1):133140
38. Shuaibu, Z. A., Lawal A. I., Samuel, F. U., Ereke, S. O., Sani, N. A., Ibrahim, M. A., Kolo, N. H., Hussaini, M. and Fanaiye, G.O. (2018). Histopathological Changes Associated with Experimental Trypanosoma Congolense Infection in Albino Rats. Journal of Animal Production and Research, 30(1):289-300.
39. Sivajothi, S., Rayulu, V. C., Bhavanam, S. R. and Karumuri, N. K. (2015) Trypanosoma evansi causes thyroxin imbalance with biochemical alterations in wistar rats. Journal of. Advances Veteterinary Animal Research, 2(2), 205-209
40. Sivajothi, S., Rayulu, V. C., Sujatha, K. and Sudhakara Reddy. B. (2014). Detection of Experimental Trypanosoma evansi by different methods in bovines in Andhra Pradesh. Journal of Advance Parasitology, 1(3):35-38.
41. Taiwo, V.O., Olaniyi, M.O. and Ogunsanmi, A. O. (2003). Comparative plasma biochemical changes and susceptibility of erythrocytes to in vitro peroxidation during experimental Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma brucei infection in sheep. Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 58(4):435-443
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Life Science and Agriculture Research
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
